Every judge in the United States of America must take the 1 Stat. 23 oath to the U.S. Constitution.
Without it, they have no legal authority. None.
This has been federal law since 1789 — the very first act Congress ever passed.
Every person holding public office must swear specifically to
"the Constitution of the United States" —
not any government agency, not any corporation, not any registered entity. The document itself.
Source: 1 Stat. 23 — First Act of Congress, June 1, 1789 — still in full force today
What Florida judges actually swear to
Florida judges don't swear to the Constitution.
They swear to a registered business entity.
Florida's oath names the "Government of the United States" and
"State of Florida" — in addition to the Constitution.
Both are commercially registered entities with EIN numbers, D-U-N-S numbers, and IRS filings.
Swearing allegiance to a corporation alongside the Constitution is not what 1 Stat. 23 prescribed.
What the law requires
"Support and defend "the Constitution of the United States""
What Florida judges swear
"Support the Constitution and "Government of the United States" and "State of Florida""
What the Supreme Court said — 1886, never overruled
An unconstitutional act is void from the beginning.It creates no office. Confers no authority. Provides no immunity.
Norton v. Shelby County, 118 U.S. 425 (1886) — never overruled.
No valid oath means no valid office. Every ruling, every sentence, every foreclosure issued
by a judge without a lawful oath — legally, it never happened.
Why this matters to you personally
If you've ever appeared in an 18th Circuit courtroom — traffic ticket, divorce, probate, criminal charge —
you stood before someone operating under disputed authority.
That person's decisions may carry no legal weight whatsoever.
The oath defect documented here is not unique to Florida. The First Act of Congress governs every state judicial officer in America. This circuit is documented. Yours may be next.
Departed = No longer listed in the active 18th Circuit directory
Seat Vacant = Position officially vacant on live directory
Note: 5 officials have vacated since the Writ was served (2024–2025).
44 officials
JE
Retired
Judith Ellen Atkin
County Court Judge · Brevard
By what authority?
Served as presiding judge before retirement. Oath on file.
See the full record →
Judith Ellen AtkinOn the bench 2007–2025 · 18 yrs
Form 6 · 2007–2025 · 18 yrs
She's off the bench now, so there's no current financial disclosure to dig into — only the oath she once swore, which is on file.
Net Worth$0 — Retired
FindingJudicial record only · No current financial disclosure obligation
What these mean
Bar card — a sitting judge holding a Bar membership: a 13th-Amendment conflict.
ISLN — international lawyer registry: FARA / foreign-agent exposure.
Oath — sworn to corporate entities in addition to the Constitution.
Pension growing through FRS — same custodian chain as federal CRIS.
Follow the money →
Michelle Vitt BakerOn the bench since 2009 · 17 yrs
Form 6 · Since 2009 · 17 yrs
Her state pension feeds through the same custodian chain the federal case is built on. The deferred-comp account grew from $19K to $48K while she heard cases.
Net Worth$214,110
FindingNationwide Deferred Comp $19K→$48K · Truist as liability 2021
What these mean
Bar card — a sitting judge holding a Bar membership: a 13th-Amendment conflict.
Oath — sworn to corporate entities in addition to the Constitution.
2025 disclosure not yet filed as of July 1 deadline.
Why no disclosure? →
Scott Allen BlaueOn the bench since 2023 · 3 yrs
Form 6 · Since 2023 · 3 yrs
The July 1 deadline passed with no 2025 disclosure. What's on record so far is a small Morgan Stanley IRA and the tail end of his move from private practice.
Net Worth$676,264
FindingSpace Coast CU · Morgan Stanley IRA $10K · Transitioning from private practice
2025 DisclosureNot yet fileddeadline Jul 1
What these mean
Bar card — a sitting judge holding a Bar membership: a 13th-Amendment conflict.
ISLN — international lawyer registry: FARA / foreign-agent exposure.
Oath — sworn to corporate entities in addition to the Constitution.
Thomas James BrownOn the bench since 2016 · 10 yrs
Form 6 · Since 2016 · 10 yrs
His 2025 filing is missing, and the ones on record name no institutions at all — just round numbers, a credit union, and a DROP account that appeared in 2023.
Net Worth$692,000
FindingRetirement accounts $410K · Space Coast CU · DROP appears 2023 · Generic disclosure style — no institution names
2025 DisclosureNot yet fileddeadline Jul 1
What these mean
Bar card — a sitting judge holding a Bar membership: a 13th-Amendment conflict.
ISLN — international lawyer registry: FARA / foreign-agent exposure.
Oath — sworn to corporate entities in addition to the Constitution.
No FRS, no DROP, no IRA — five years running. She owns a 36-foot motor yacht. Both are in her sworn disclosure.
Follow the pension →
Melanie Freeman ChaseOn the bench since 2015 · 11 yrs
Form 6 · Since 2015 · 11 yrs
Five years of filings show no pension of any kind — but they do show tech stock, a steady Truist account, and a 36-foot motor yacht. It's all in her own sworn disclosure.
Net Worth$1,355,304
FindingNvidia $93K · Alphabet $50K · Amazon $32K · Truist all 5 years · No pension disclosed · 36ft motor yacht (Carver 366 MY)
What these mean
Bar card — a sitting judge holding a Bar membership: a 13th-Amendment conflict.
ISLN — international lawyer registry: FARA / foreign-agent exposure.
Oath — sworn to corporate entities in addition to the Constitution.
Drew Social Security simultaneously with judicial salary while on the bench.
Follow the pension →
Kenneth FriedlandOn the bench 1995–2024 · 29 yrs
Form 6 · 1995–2024 · 29 yrs
While still drawing a judge's salary, he was also collecting Social Security. His DROP account nearly doubled, then rolled into a private IRA when he retired.
Net Worth$1,000,000
FindingRETIRED Dec 31, 2024 · DROP $325K→$580K rolled to Nationwide IRA · Social Security while sitting judge
What these mean
Bar card — a sitting judge holding a Bar membership: a 13th-Amendment conflict.
ISLN — international lawyer registry: FARA / foreign-agent exposure.
Oath — sworn to corporate entities in addition to the Constitution.
DROP account appeared between 2022 and 2023, growing from $95K to $195K in one year. Both FRS and DROP connect to the SBA-managed pension custodied by BNY Mellon (confirmed primary source).
Follow the pension →
Benjamin Benham GaragozloOn the bench since 2006 · 20 yrs
Form 6 · Since 2006 · 20 yrs
His DROP account doubled in a single year. Like the others' pensions, it runs through the SBA fund that BNY Mellon custodies.
Net Worth$3,001,333
FindingFL Deferred Comp–FRS $340K→$422K · DROP $95K→$195K
D-U-N-S616752601, 965458607
What these mean
Bar card — a sitting judge holding a Bar membership: a 13th-Amendment conflict.
ISLN — international lawyer registry: FARA / foreign-agent exposure.
Oath — sworn to corporate entities in addition to the Constitution.
Net worth unchanged across three years despite $270K growth in retirement accounts. Unusual.
See the disclosure →
Sylvia Anne GrunorOn the bench since 2024 · 2 yrs
Form 6 · Since 2024 · 2 yrs
Her retirement accounts grew by $270K, yet her reported net worth landed on the exact same dollar three years running. That's unusual enough to notice.
Net Worth$2,444,550
FindingNet worth identical to the dollar all 3 years · Bagels and Bacon LLC $350K · 401K $582K→$852K
D-U-N-S139791532, 017548748, 042025075
What these mean
ISLN — international lawyer registry: FARA / foreign-agent exposure.
Oath — sworn to corporate entities in addition to the Constitution.
Stifel Nicolaus (Melbourne, FL) dominant holding grew $671K to $1.35M over 4 years. Secondary income from Stifel interest $7K–$51K/yr. Running for re-election Group 18 (2025 form filed as candidate).
See the disclosure →
Steven George HendersonOn the bench since 2021 · 5 yrs
Form 6 · Since 2021 · 5 yrs
A single Stifel account doubled to $1.35M over four years while paying him interest on the side — and he's on the ballot again.
Net Worth$2,944,121
FindingStifel Nicolaus $671K→$1.35M · Rental income + Stifel interest disclosed
What these mean
Bar card — a sitting judge holding a Bar membership: a 13th-Amendment conflict.
ISLN — international lawyer registry: FARA / foreign-agent exposure.
Oath — sworn to corporate entities in addition to the Constitution.
Amended 2022 net worth shows $3.1M; original 2022 filing shows $1.4M — both in the public record. Rogue Investment LP ($101K) and UnitedHealth Group ($138K) appear for first time in 2025.
See the disclosure →
Mark Edward HerrOn the bench since 2001 · 25 yrs
Form 6 · Since 2001 · 25 yrs
His 2022 net worth reads $1.4M in the original filing and $3.1M in the amendment — both are public. He filed five corrections in a single day.
Net Worth$4,282,211
FindingVoya 457 $462K→$1.21M · Five 6X amendments filed same day (06/22/2024)
D-U-N-S023325272, 059588522
What these mean
Bar card — a sitting judge holding a Bar membership: a 13th-Amendment conflict.
ISLN — international lawyer registry: FARA / foreign-agent exposure.
Oath — sworn to corporate entities in addition to the Constitution.
No FRS pension or state deferred comp listed across any year. Vanguard IRA in 2021, absent thereafter. Mortgage servicer changed Flagstar→Mr. Cooper between 2023–2024 (same loan, servicing transfer).
Follow the money →
Kelly McCormack IngramOn the bench since 2017 · 9 yrs
Form 6 · Since 2017 · 9 yrs
No state pension shows up in any year. Her wealth sits in real estate instead — a Cocoa Beach condo that climbed from $900K to $1.2M.
FRS 2040 target-date fund held continuously and growing — direct FRS Investment Plan connection. Salary Circuit Judge ~$182K–$201K/yr. Student loan liability carried throughout tenure.
Follow the money →
Dale Curtis JacobusOn the bench since 2021 · 5 yrs
Form 6 · Since 2021 · 5 yrs
His FRS 2040 fund — a direct line into the state investment plan — grew from $64K to $229K, even as he carried student loans the whole time.
Net Worth$252,117
FindingFRS 2040 Retirement Date Fund $64K→$229K · Student loans throughout
What these mean
Bar card — a sitting judge holding a Bar membership: a 13th-Amendment conflict.
ISLN — international lawyer registry: FARA / foreign-agent exposure.
Oath — sworn to corporate entities in addition to the Constitution.
Net worth was negative in both 2022 (−$34.8K) and 2024 (−$39.2K). Nationwide Retirement account (not FRS) first appears 2023. Consistent high student debt load throughout tenure.
Follow the money →
Kathryn C. JacobusOn the bench since 2019 · 7 yrs
Form 6 · Since 2019 · 7 yrs
She's one of the few in the red — net worth below zero in both 2022 and 2024 — carrying more than $180K in student debt and no state pension.
Net Worth$31,999
FindingNegative net worth 2022 & 2024 · Student loans $182K→$201K · No FRS pension
D-U-N-S068734843
What these mean
Bar card — a sitting judge holding a Bar membership: a 13th-Amendment conflict.
ISLN — international lawyer registry: FARA / foreign-agent exposure.
Oath — sworn to corporate entities in addition to the Constitution.
Served the People's Writ of Quo Warranto by certified mail Aug 1, 2024 (43rd served), delivered Aug 5, 2024. Since retired; her County seat was filled by Laura Moody. Certified Oath of Office on file.
See the full record →
Nancy MaloneyOn the bench 2015–2024 · 9 yrs
Form 6 · 2015–2024 · 9 yrs
She was the 43rd judge served, back in August 2024. She's since retired, and Laura Moody now holds her old seat.
Writ StatusDelivered August 5, 2024
Status43rd served (Aug 1, 2024) · Retired, seat filled by Laura Moody · Certified Oath on file
What these mean
Bar card — a sitting judge holding a Bar membership: a 13th-Amendment conflict.
ISLN — international lawyer registry: FARA / foreign-agent exposure.
Oath — sworn to corporate entities in addition to the Constitution.
Appointed December 2024 to fill vacancy. Certified Oath of Office on file (Fla. Dept. of State, certified June 11, 2026). People's Writ of Quo Warranto served by certified mail, delivered June 12, 2026. Form 6 review pending.
See the oath problem →
Laura Michelle MoodyOn the bench since 2024 · 2 yrs
Form 6 · Since 2024 · 2 yrs
She took the seat after the original Writ went out, so hers arrived separately — delivered by certified mail in June 2026. Her oath is already on file.
Writ StatusDelivered June 12, 2026
StatusAppointed after original service · Certified Oath on file · USPS certified mail delivered Jun 12, 2026
What these mean
Bar card — a sitting judge holding a Bar membership: a 13th-Amendment conflict.
ISLN — international lawyer registry: FARA / foreign-agent exposure.
Oath — sworn to corporate entities in addition to the Constitution.
These are the 44 men and women who, with a De Facto Oath of Office on file with the
Florida Department of State's Division of Elections,
are currently IMPERSONATING County and Circuit Court Judges in the
18th Judicial Circuit of Florida in the counties of Seminole and Brevard —
because each has failed to comply with federal law by taking a valid oath of
office as required by 1 Stat. 23 (First Act of Congress, June 1, 1789), the controlling
federal oath statute in full force under Article VI of the U.S. Constitution.
Without a constitutionally compliant oath, no lawful office exists to hold.
Under Norton v. Shelby County, 118 U.S. 425 (1886), every act performed in
such a position is void ab initio — legally, it never happened.
These De Facto Oaths of Office are available for download on each profile card.
These men and women are Foreign Agents with International Standard Lawyer Numbers (ISLN). Their BAR membership creates a sworn allegiance to a foreign-rooted institution — The Florida Bar — whose authority traces to the Inns of Court and the British Crown. Some are also listed as Businesses on Dun & Bradstreet.
They are all engaging in Color of Law. Because of their failure to take a lawful oath, they have no lawful authority to hold any official office under the State and Federal Constitutions.
All 44 writ judges are confirmed in the Florida Commission on Ethics public filer registry as required Form 6 filers — the full financial disclosure form mandated for elected constitutional officers. Florida Statute §112.3144 requires Circuit and County Judges to disclose all assets, liabilities, and investments annually. Each judge card below links directly to their public filer record. Form 6 contents (Part C — investments, Part D — intangible assets) require individual PDF retrieval per year.
44
Judges Confirmed
37
Filed All 3 Years
2
2025 Not Filed
Canon 3E(1)(c)
Conflict Standard
2025 Form 6 Not Yet Filed — Crawford & Rudisill
As of May 29, 2026: Charles Grooms Crawford (named defendant, Pantle v. Crawford) and Michael Joseph Rudisill (recused from Pantle v. Dekleva) have not filed their 2025 Form 6. The 2025 form covers calendar year 2025 — the year the 11th Circuit appeal (No. 25-13368-CC) has been active. Deadline: July 1, 2026. §112.3144 Fla. Stat. — willful failure to file is a second-degree misdemeanor and may constitute grounds for removal from office.
TIMING — RUDISILL 2023 DISCLOSURE: Rudisill filed his 2023 Form 6 on July 1, 2024 — exactly 8 days before he recused himself from Pantle v. Dekleva on July 9, 2024. The disclosure that should have revealed any disqualifying financial interest was filed days before the recusal that removed him from the case. Whether the disclosure preceded the recusal decision or followed from it is unknown without the PDF contents.
CRAWFORD & RUDISILL — PART C REVIEWED: Crawford holds a $441K Florida DROP retirement account (FRS → BNY Mellon custodian, confirmed primary source). Rudisill holds $38K Florida Prepaid College Plans (SBA managed). Neither discloses direct holdings in BNY Mellon, PIMCO, BlackRock, or State Street. The Canon 3E(1)(c) / Rule 2.330 / §38.10 chain runs through the state retirement system — indirect but documented. No FRS account is listed for Rudisill; no investment accounts beyond DROP for Crawford. See individual cards for full findings.
REMAINING 42 JUDGES: Part C investment review pending. Priority: McKibben (Chief Judge), Paulk, Recksiedler, Galluzzo, Naberhaus, Segal. Each judge's Form 6 disclosure record linked on their card below.
🔍 The Corporate Registry Problem
How many of these men and women & other public officials have
Dun & Bradstreet accounts?
D-U-N-S numbers have been identified and verified for many of the officials on this page — those appear directly in their cards above.
Not every card carries a number: absence does not mean no account exists.
Names on commercial registries are sometimes altered, shortened, or filed under entity names
that differ from the official's public-facing title — making them difficult to locate without deeper research.
But the D&B registrations that have been found reveal something far more significant
than corporate status alone. They reveal who is actually in control.
Term: Key Principal
The Person Actually in Control — Above the CEO
On a Dun & Bradstreet business report, a Key Principal
is the individual with ultimate ownership, financial backing, or management control over
the entity. They are not the day-to-day operator — they are the owner.
A CEO runs the business; a Key Principal owns it.
The Key Principal is higher in the hierarchy than the CEO
— the CEO reports to or is hired by the Key Principal.
Why This Matters Here
The "Judge" Is Just the Employee
If a court or clerk's office is registered as a commercial entity on D&B — and it
lists a Key Principal who is not the elected or appointed public official —
then the public official is, in the D&B framework, merely an
employee operating a commercial enterprise owned or controlled
by an undisclosed third party. The People never consented to that arrangement.
No constitutional document authorizes it.
📂 Documented Case Study
Seminole County Clerk of Court & Comptroller D-U-N-S: 040125107 · Sanford, Florida
What D&B Shows
The Clerk of Court & Comptroller of Seminole County, Florida is registered
on Dun & Bradstreet (D-U-N-S: 040125107). The D&B record lists the
Key Principal — the individual with ultimate control over this
entity — as Diana Hightower.
According to public records, Diana Hightower is identified as the
Family Violence Coordinating Council Coordinator for the
18th Judicial Circuit Court in DuPage County, Illinois —
not Florida.
The 18th Judicial Circuit Court of Sanford, Florida
— the very circuit at the center of the People's Writ of Quo Warranto —
has its Clerk of Court registered as a commercial entity on D&B with a
Key Principal located in the state of Illinois,
associated with an identically-named 18th Judicial Circuit in DuPage County.
This is not a typo or data entry error. Two separate government bodies — one in Florida,
one in Illinois — both carry the designation "18th Judicial Circuit."
The Florida Clerk's commercial registry lists a coordinator from the Illinois circuit
as its Key Principal. The public official operating the Florida clerk's office
appears, under D&B's own framework, to be an employee of an entity
whose controlling interest is exercised by a person in another state with no
disclosed constitutional authority over Florida's judicial administration.
Questions This Raises
Authority
By what authority does a coordinator from an Illinois circuit exercise Key Principal control
over a Florida court's commercial registration? This was never voted on. It was never disclosed.
Interstate Jurisdiction
If the Key Principal of the Clerk's commercial entity is in Illinois, which state's law governs
the commercial activities of that entity? Florida courts have never acknowledged this arrangement.
Disclosure
Have the people of Seminole County ever been told their Clerk's office is a commercial entity
with an out-of-state Key Principal? Was this disclosed in any election, any oath, any contract?
The Elected Official's Role
If the Clerk is the CEO-equivalent and Diana Hightower is the Key Principal, then the
elected Clerk is an employee of a privately-controlled commercial entity — not a
constitutional officer accountable solely to the People of Seminole County.
🔗 The Illinois Connection
The Body That Writes the Commercial Law Governing Every Court in America Is Based in Illinois
The appearance of an Illinois-connected Key Principal in the D&B record of a
Florida court entity is not random. It may reflect the commercial governance chain
that flows from Illinois outward to every state jurisdiction in the country.
The Uniform Law Commission (ULC)
— also known as the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws —
is headquartered at 111 North Wabash Avenue,
Chicago, Illinois. It was founded in 1892.
The ULC is the body that drafted the
Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) —
the commercial framework under which every state court clerk operates as a
commercial entity. Its over 350 volunteer commissioners include lawyers, judges,
law professors, and legislative staff. It is a private, unelected association
with no constitutional mandate — yet every state has adopted its commercial
framework, meaning every court in America now operates under commercial law
written by a private Illinois organization that no citizen voted for.
DuPage County, Illinois — where Diana Hightower works — sits in the same state
as the body that writes the commercial law governing all of these court entities.
The ULC writes the rules. Every state adopts those rules. An Illinois-connected
individual appearing as the Key Principal of a Florida court's commercial registry
is not necessarily a coincidence. It may be the commercial governance chain
made visible.
uniformlaws.org ↗
SOURCE: D&B public record · uniformlaws.org · sam.gov · The same state that houses the ULC also provides the Key Principal of a Florida court's commercial registry.
Is This an Isolated Incident — or a Pattern?
It is not isolated. Researchers examining D&B records for courts, sheriffs'
offices, clerks, and other government agencies across the United States have
documented a consistent pattern: public bodies that are constitutionally defined
as offices of the People are registered as commercial entities — and the Key
Principals listed on those commercial registries are frequently:
Pattern 1
Not the elected official — the Key Principal is a different person entirely, often unknown to the public.
Pattern 2
In a different state — the controlling interest is located in a state with no visible constitutional connection to the jurisdiction being administered.
Pattern 3
Never disclosed — no public announcement, no election, no constitutional amendment authorized the commercial registration or the Key Principal designation.
This is the mechanism by which constitutional offices are converted into commercial franchises.
The elected official becomes the face — the apparent CEO — while the actual controlling
interest operates silently, registered on a commercial database, accountable to no
constitution, no electorate, and no oath.
This is not conjecture. The Dun & Bradstreet records are public.
D-U-N-S numbers verified for officials on this page appear in their individual cards.
For those without a visible number, the account may exist under an altered name, a parent entity,
or a variation not yet located — the absence of a number in a card is not a confirmation of absence from the registry.
Search any name or office at D&B directly.
Find the Key Principal. Then ask: who is that person? Did you vote for them?
Did they take an oath to you?
⚖ The Constitutional and Legal Significance
When an officer of a constitutionally-created office operates a commercial entity
in which an undisclosed third party holds Key Principal status, several profound legal
questions arise simultaneously:
1. Conflict of interest: The officer's fiduciary duty runs to the Key Principal
of the commercial entity — not necessarily to the People of the jurisdiction.
2. Undisclosed principals: Under agency law, an undisclosed principal is liable
for the acts of their agent. The People of Seminole County may be interacting with an agent
(the Clerk) whose undisclosed principal (the Key Principal) has never been disclosed, vetted, or authorized.
3. Interstate commerce jurisdiction: A Florida court whose commercial entity
has an Illinois Key Principal may be operating in interstate commerce — subject to federal
commercial regulations that constitutional courts are not.
4. Oath failure compounded: If the official's oath is defective (as documented
throughout this page), and their office is simultaneously a commercial franchise with an
undisclosed controlling interest — then the People are dealing with an unlicensed agent
of an undisclosed principal, operating under color of law, with no valid constitutional commission.
Every act of that office is, under Norton v. Shelby County, void from the beginning.
🔴 Primary Source · U.S. Department of Justice · January 14, 2026
Dun & Bradstreet Pays $5.7 Million to Resolve DOJ / FTC Enforcement Action — Found to Have Maintained Inaccurate Records and Misrepresented Its Own Products
The same company whose database forms the evidentiary basis of the Key Principal analysis above
— Dun & Bradstreet — was the subject of a federal court stipulated order announced January 14, 2026
by the U.S. Department of Justice, acting on referral from the Federal Trade Commission.
Under the court's order, D&B will pay $2,063,000 in civil penalties
and $3,710,376 in customer refunds — a total of $5.7 million
— to resolve allegations that it violated a 2022 FTC administrative order for
unfair or deceptive business practices.
The specific violations alleged:
Sending customers inaccurate pricing notices for automatic renewals
Misrepresenting its products during sales calls
Failing to retain call recordings required by the FTC order
Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Middle District of Florida — January 14, 2026
Full DOJ Press Release ↗
Implication 1
D&B Maintains Inaccurate Records
The FTC found D&B sent customers inaccurate information and failed to maintain
required records. This is the same company whose Key Principal registry is cited throughout
this section. If D&B's consumer-facing data is inaccurate, what level of integrity
exists in its government entity registry — which carries no consumer protection law oversight?
Implication 2
Middle District of Florida Jurisdiction
The DOJ action was filed and resolved in the Middle District of Florida —
the same federal district that encompasses Seminole County and the 18th Judicial Circuit.
The courts whose commercial registrations are documented on this page sit within
the same federal jurisdiction that found D&B to be a deceptive commercial actor.
Implication 3
Already Under Order — Violated It Anyway
D&B was already subject to a 2022 FTC compliance order when it committed these violations.
The FTC Director stated: "Our signed orders are not suggestions."
A company that violates a federal compliance order regarding its own records
is the same company that serves as the primary global registry for commercial entity
classifications — including those of government bodies.
The Double-Edged Analysis — What This Means for the Evidence Above
The D&B Data Remains Significant
The D&B violations do not invalidate the Key Principal data documented above.
D-U-N-S numbers are still assigned by D&B. Courts are still registered in their system.
Key Principals are still listed. The DOJ action concerns sales practices toward
small business customers — not the integrity of the commercial entity registry itself.
The fact that a court has a D-U-N-S number and a listed Key Principal remains
verifiable and meaningful.
The Registry's Authority Is Undermined
The DOJ action does reveal D&B as a company that maintained inaccurate records,
misrepresented its products, and violated compliance orders. The irony is acute:
D&B operates as an unaccountable commercial gatekeeper over government entity registrations —
while itself engaging in the deceptive commercial conduct it ostensibly documents in others.
If D&B's own records cannot be trusted for accuracy, then every Key Principal listing
— including those identifying undisclosed parties over constitutional offices —
must be independently verified. The absence of accountability at D&B is
itself a feature of the commercial system this page documents.
📊 Judiciary Change Tracker
Officials Who Vacated Since the Writ Was Served
As of May 2026, five of the 44 officials named in the People's Writ are no longer active in the 18th Judicial Circuit. Four have confirmed retirements; one has passed away. A sixth has announced retirement effective January 2027. Their departures are documented below.
RETIRED — CONFIRMED
Nancy Maloney
Retired from the bench. Her vacancy was filled December 4, 2024 when Governor DeSantis appointed Laura Moody to her Division S seat.
RETIRED 2025 · DECEASED APRIL 21, 2026
John L. Woodard III
Retired from the bench in 2025. His Division U seat (Seminole County Court) was listed as vacant in the live 18th Circuit directory following his retirement. Judge Woodard passed away on April 21, 2026. See his biography page.
The timing of his retirement — following receipt of the People's Writ of Quo Warranto — remains notable on the public record.
Judge Paulk has announced his retirement effective January 5, 2027, after years of service to Brevard County and the 18th Judicial Circuit. Still active on the bench as of this writing.
Source: The Space Coast Rocket ↗
To monitor for future changes: Set a free
Google Alert
for "18th Judicial Circuit" judge retirement OR appointment OR vacancy to receive email notifications whenever news is published about judiciary changes in Seminole or Brevard Counties.
You can also monitor the live directory page directly at
flcourts18.org/directory
using a free service such as
VisualPing or
changedetection.io
which will email you automatically whenever the page content changes — ideal for detecting new vacancies, name additions, or removals.
Oversight Entities — Also Served with the Writ
Certified Mail · Confirmed Delivery
In addition to the 44 judicial officers above, the People's Writ of Quo Warranto
was formally served via USPS Certified Mail upon two state oversight entities
with jurisdiction over the Florida judiciary. Both deliveries are confirmed.
D-U-N-S: 809385669 · Florida House of Representatives · Tallahassee, FL
The standing committee with oversight jurisdiction over Florida's state judiciary.
The committee received a certified copy of the People's Writ of Quo Warranto
in its official capacity as the oversight authority for the courts named in the Writ.
Office of State Courts Administrator (OSCA) · Florida Supreme Court · Tallahassee, FL
The chief administrative officer of the Florida state court system. Maclure
served as OSCA Administrator during Chief Justice Muñiz's tenure as administrative
head of OSCA — the period when Pantle v. Crawford was filed. FL Auditor General
Report 2025-013 confirmed three $1.1M OSCA contract awards with no conflict of
interest statements on file.
